turcja. kraj czterech mórz. wydanie 5 ebook, ebooki
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ] www.bezdroza.pl Spis treści O autorze .......................................................................................................................................................... 11 Rozdział I. Zaproszenie do Turcji ....................................................................................................... 17 Trasy ................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Trasa 1. Pętla wokół morza Marmara ......................................................................................................... 17 Trasa 2. Starożytne miasta regionu Egejskiego ....................................................................................... 18 Trasa 3. Śródziemnomorskim szlakiem w stronę Syrii ........................................................................... 20 Trasa 4. Derwisze, skalne kominy i ormiańskie kościoły........................................................................ 21 Trasa 5. Zielone pejzaże Morza Czarnego ................................................................................................. 22 Trasa 6. Przez Kapadocję do Kurdystanu................................................................................................... 24 Trasa 7. Zapomniane zakątki Anatolii ........................................................................................................ 25 Najważniejsze wydarzenia kulturalne .................................................................................................... 26 Rozdział II. Informacje praktyczne ........................................................................................................ 31 Przygotowania do podróży ........................................................................................................................ 31 Przewodniki...................................................................................................................................................... 31 Mapy .................................................................................................................................................................. 32 Słowniki i rozmówki ....................................................................................................................................... 33 Formalności wizowo-paszportowe ............................................................................................................ 34 Zabezpieczenia medyczne ........................................................................................................................... 35 Sprzęt turystyczny, materiały fotograiczne i inne przydatne rzeczy ................................................ 36 Wybór czasu podróży..................................................................................................................................... 37 Przejazd.......................................................................................................................................... 37 Podróż samolotem.......................................................................................................................................... 38 Podróż samochodem i autostopem ........................................................................................................... 38 Podróż koleją.................................................................................................................................................... 39 Podróż autobusem ......................................................................................................................................... 40 Przejścia graniczne ......................................................................................................................................... 40 Na miejscu ....................................................................................................................................................... 41 Wymiana waluty ............................................................................................................................................. 41 Komunikacja publiczna ................................................................................................................................. 42 Autobus ......................................................................................................................................................... 42 Dolmusz......................................................................................................................................................... 43 Pociąg............................................................................................................................................................. 44 Taksówki ........................................................................................................................................................ 46 Statek ............................................................................................................................................................. 47 Samolot ......................................................................................................................................................... 47 Podróżowanie samochodem ....................................................................................................................... 47 Własny samochód ....................................................................................................................................... 48 Wypożyczenie samochodu ....................................................................................................................... 48 Alternatywne środki transportu.................................................................................................................. 48 Autostop........................................................................................................................................................ 48 Rower ............................................................................................................................................................. 49 Opieka medyczna i pomoc w nagłych wypadkach ................................................................................ 49 Zdrowie.......................................................................................................................................................... 49 Bezpieczeństwo........................................................................................................................................... 50 Kontakt z krajem ............................................................................................................................................. 52 3 www.e-przewodniki.pl Telefon ........................................................................................................................................................... 52 Poczta............................................................................................................................................................. 52 Internet .......................................................................................................................................................... 53 Informacja turystyczna .................................................................................................................................. 53 Noclegi............................................................................................................................................................... 54 Hotele............................................................................................................................................................. 54 Kempingi ....................................................................................................................................................... 55 Wyżywienie ...................................................................................................................................................... 55 Pamiątki............................................................................................................................................................. 57 Informacje A–Z ............................................................................................................................................... 59 Aktywny wypoczynek ................................................................................................................................ 59 Alkohol........................................................................................................................................................... 60 Apteki ............................................................................................................................................................. 60 Atatürk ........................................................................................................................................................... 61 Autobusy ....................................................................................................................................................... 61 Autostop........................................................................................................................................................ 62 Ayran .............................................................................................................................................................. 62 Baklava ......................................................................................................................................................... 62 Banki i bankomaty ...................................................................................................................................... 62 Bezpieczeństwo........................................................................................................................................... 63 Çay .................................................................................................................................................................. 63 Ceny ................................................................................................................................................................ 63 Cło ................................................................................................................................................................... 64 Dolmusze ...................................................................................................................................................... 64 Drogi............................................................................................................................................................... 65 Dywany.......................................................................................................................................................... 65 Elektryczność................................................................................................................................................ 66 Fotografowanie............................................................................................................................................ 66 Hammamy .................................................................................................................................................... 66 Informacja turystyczna .............................................................................................................................. 67 Internet .......................................................................................................................................................... 67 Islam ............................................................................................................................................................... 67 Język ............................................................................................................................................................... 68 Kantory .......................................................................................................................................................... 68 Kawa po turecku.......................................................................................................................................... 68 Kebap ............................................................................................................................................................. 68 Kurdowie ....................................................................................................................................................... 69 Kurorty ........................................................................................................................................................... 69 Lokanta .......................................................................................................................................................... 70 Mapy............................................................................................................................................................... 70 Meczety ......................................................................................................................................................... 70 Media.............................................................................................................................................................. 71 Naganiacze ................................................................................................................................................... 71 Nargile ............................................................................................................................................................ 72 Niepełnosprawni ......................................................................................................................................... 72 Noclegi ........................................................................................................................................................... 72 Numery alarmowe ...................................................................................................................................... 73 Palenie............................................................................................................................................................ 74 Paliwo............................................................................................................................................................. 74 Pamiątki ......................................................................................................................................................... 74 4 www.bezdroza.pl Parki Narodowe ........................................................................................................................................... 75 Parkingi .......................................................................................................................................................... 75 Pieniądze ....................................................................................................................................................... 75 Placówki dyplomatyczne .......................................................................................................................... 75 Pociągi............................................................................................................................................................ 75 Poczta............................................................................................................................................................. 76 Przepisy drogowe........................................................................................................................................ 77 Ramadan ....................................................................................................................................................... 77 Rozrywka....................................................................................................................................................... 78 Samoloty ....................................................................................................................................................... 78 Sport............................................................................................................................................................... 78 Strefa czasowa ............................................................................................................................................. 79 Supermarkety............................................................................................................................................... 79 Szpitale .......................................................................................................................................................... 79 Święta............................................................................................................................................................. 79 Taksówki ........................................................................................................................................................ 80 Targowanie ................................................................................................................................................... 80 Telefonowanie.............................................................................................................................................. 81 Trzęsienia ziemi............................................................................................................................................ 81 Turystyka ....................................................................................................................................................... 82 Ubezpieczenie.............................................................................................................................................. 83 Wizy ................................................................................................................................................................ 83 Wycieczki zorganizowane ......................................................................................................................... 84 Wypożyczalnie rowerów, samochodów ................................................................................................ 84 Wyżywienie .................................................................................................................................................. 85 Zabytki ........................................................................................................................................................... 85 Zakupy ........................................................................................................................................................... 86 Zdrowie.......................................................................................................................................................... 86 Rozdział III. Informacje krajoznawcze .................................................................................................. 87 Charakterystyka geograiczna .................................................................................................................. 87 Góry.................................................................................................................................................................... 88 Hydrologia ........................................................................................................................................................ 88 Klimat................................................................................................................................................................. 90 Świat roślin ....................................................................................................................................................... 91 Świat zwierząt.................................................................................................................................................. 92 Ochrona dziedzictwa przyrodniczego i kulturowego............................................................................ 93 Historia .............................................................................................................................................................. 94 Pradzieje............................................................................................................................................................ 94 Hetyci – założyciele pierwszego imperium w Anatolii .......................................................................... 95 Frygowie i Lidyjczycy – następcy Hetytów............................................................................................... 96 Rządy Persów ................................................................................................................................................... 97 Aleksander Wielki i jego następcy – czasy hellenistyczne w Anatolii ................................................ 98 Rzymianie nową potęgą w Azji Mniejszej................................................................................................. 98 Wczesny okres Bizancjum ............................................................................................................................. 99 Inwazja islamu ...............................................................................................................................................100 Ikonoklaści ......................................................................................................................................................100 Seldżucy przybywają do Anatolii..............................................................................................................102 Wyprawy krzyżowe ......................................................................................................................................102 Czas Osmanów ..............................................................................................................................................103 5 www.e-przewodniki.pl Imperium się rozrasta ..................................................................................................................................105 Złoty wiek .......................................................................................................................................................106 Powolny schyłek ............................................................................................................................................107 Oddech ............................................................................................................................................................108 Chory człowiek Europy ................................................................................................................................109 Wiek reform ....................................................................................................................................................110 Upadek ............................................................................................................................................................112 Droga do niepodległości.............................................................................................................................114 Republika Turcji .............................................................................................................................................116 Bez Atatürka ...................................................................................................................................................117 Turcja współczesna.......................................................................................................................................118 Turcja i Polska – wspólne dzieje ................................................................................................................120 Gospodarka ...................................................................................................................................................123 Ludność ...........................................................................................................................................................124 Kurdowie .........................................................................................................................................................125 Ormianie..........................................................................................................................................................127 Inne mniejszości............................................................................................................................................128 Język ................................................................................................................................................................128 Religia .............................................................................................................................................................129 Pięć ilarów islamu ........................................................................................................................................130 Kultura i sztuka ............................................................................................................................................132 Antyczni Grecy i ich spadkobiercy – Rzymianie ....................................................................................132 Bizancjum .......................................................................................................................................................134 Islam a sztuka.................................................................................................................................................137 Architektura turecka.....................................................................................................................................138 Literatura.........................................................................................................................................................143 Muzyka ............................................................................................................................................................145 Zwyczaje i obyczaje ......................................................................................................................................146 Kuchnia ...........................................................................................................................................................148 Garść przepisów ............................................................................................................................................149 Rozdział IV. Zwiedzanie Turcji ...............................................................................................................155 Region 1. Stambuł (İstanbul) ...................................................................................................................155 Historia ............................................................................................................................................................159 Zwiedzanie Stambułu ................................................................................................................................168 Dzielnice Sultanahmet,Beyazit, Sirkeci....................................................................................................168 Dzielnice Unkapanı i Fener .........................................................................................................................197 Inne miejsca warte odwiedzenia ..............................................................................................................207 Zabytki brzegu azjatyckiego – dzielnice Üsküdar i Kadıköy...............................................................211 Okolice Stambułu..........................................................................................................................................226 Region 2. Tracja ............................................................................................................................................ 231 Çanakkale........................................................................................................................................................232 Edirne ...............................................................................................................................................................237 Region 3. Wybrzeże Morza Egejskiego .................................................................................................253 Assos ................................................................................................................................................................254 Ayvalık .............................................................................................................................................................255 Bergama (Pergamon)...................................................................................................................................259 Bodrum (Halikarnas) ....................................................................................................................................269 6
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