turcja.-kraj-czterech-morz.-wydanie-5 full, ebooki

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Spis treści
O autorze
.......................................................................................................................................................... 11
Rozdział I. Zaproszenie do Turcji
....................................................................................................... 17
Trasy
................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Trasa 1. Pętla wokół morza Marmara ......................................................................................................... 17
Trasa 2. Starożytne miasta regionu Egejskiego ....................................................................................... 18
Trasa 3. Śródziemnomorskim szlakiem w stronę Syrii ........................................................................... 20
Trasa 4. Derwisze, skalne kominy i ormiańskie kościoły........................................................................ 21
Trasa 5. Zielone pejzaże Morza Czarnego ................................................................................................. 22
Trasa 6. Przez Kapadocję do Kurdystanu................................................................................................... 24
Trasa 7. Zapomniane zakątki Anatolii ........................................................................................................ 25
Najważniejsze wydarzenia kulturalne
....................................................................................................
26
Rozdział II. Informacje praktyczne
........................................................................................................ 31
Przygotowania do podróży
........................................................................................................................
31
Przewodniki...................................................................................................................................................... 31
Mapy .................................................................................................................................................................. 32
Słowniki i rozmówki ....................................................................................................................................... 33
Formalności wizowo-paszportowe ............................................................................................................ 34
Zabezpieczenia medyczne ........................................................................................................................... 35
Sprzęt turystyczny, materiały fotograiczne i inne przydatne rzeczy ................................................ 36
Wybór czasu podróży..................................................................................................................................... 37
Przejazd.......................................................................................................................................... 37
Podróż samolotem.......................................................................................................................................... 38
Podróż samochodem i autostopem ........................................................................................................... 38
Podróż koleją.................................................................................................................................................... 39
Podróż autobusem ......................................................................................................................................... 40
Przejścia graniczne ......................................................................................................................................... 40
Na miejscu
....................................................................................................................................................... 41
Wymiana waluty ............................................................................................................................................. 41
Komunikacja publiczna ................................................................................................................................. 42
Autobus ......................................................................................................................................................... 42
Dolmusz......................................................................................................................................................... 43
Pociąg............................................................................................................................................................. 44
Taksówki ........................................................................................................................................................ 46
Statek ............................................................................................................................................................. 47
Samolot ......................................................................................................................................................... 47
Podróżowanie samochodem ....................................................................................................................... 47
Własny samochód ....................................................................................................................................... 48
Wypożyczenie samochodu ....................................................................................................................... 48
Alternatywne środki transportu.................................................................................................................. 48
Autostop........................................................................................................................................................ 48
Rower ............................................................................................................................................................. 49
Opieka medyczna i pomoc w nagłych wypadkach ................................................................................ 49
Zdrowie.......................................................................................................................................................... 49
Bezpieczeństwo........................................................................................................................................... 50
Kontakt z krajem ............................................................................................................................................. 52
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Telefon ........................................................................................................................................................... 52
Poczta............................................................................................................................................................. 52
Internet .......................................................................................................................................................... 53
Informacja turystyczna .................................................................................................................................. 53
Noclegi............................................................................................................................................................... 54
Hotele............................................................................................................................................................. 54
Kempingi ....................................................................................................................................................... 55
Wyżywienie ...................................................................................................................................................... 55
Pamiątki............................................................................................................................................................. 57
Informacje A–Z
............................................................................................................................................... 59
Aktywny wypoczynek ................................................................................................................................ 59
Alkohol........................................................................................................................................................... 60
Apteki ............................................................................................................................................................. 60
Atatürk ........................................................................................................................................................... 61
Autobusy ....................................................................................................................................................... 61
Autostop........................................................................................................................................................ 62
Ayran
.............................................................................................................................................................. 62
Baklava
......................................................................................................................................................... 62
Banki i bankomaty ...................................................................................................................................... 62
Bezpieczeństwo........................................................................................................................................... 63
Çay
.................................................................................................................................................................. 63
Ceny ................................................................................................................................................................ 63
Cło ................................................................................................................................................................... 64
Dolmusze ...................................................................................................................................................... 64
Drogi............................................................................................................................................................... 65
Dywany.......................................................................................................................................................... 65
Elektryczność................................................................................................................................................ 66
Fotografowanie............................................................................................................................................ 66
Hammamy .................................................................................................................................................... 66
Informacja turystyczna .............................................................................................................................. 67
Internet .......................................................................................................................................................... 67
Islam ............................................................................................................................................................... 67
Język ............................................................................................................................................................... 68
Kantory .......................................................................................................................................................... 68
Kawa po turecku.......................................................................................................................................... 68
Kebap
............................................................................................................................................................. 68
Kurdowie ....................................................................................................................................................... 69
Kurorty ........................................................................................................................................................... 69
Lokanta .......................................................................................................................................................... 70
Mapy............................................................................................................................................................... 70
Meczety ......................................................................................................................................................... 70
Media.............................................................................................................................................................. 71
Naganiacze ................................................................................................................................................... 71
Nargile
............................................................................................................................................................ 72
Niepełnosprawni ......................................................................................................................................... 72
Noclegi ........................................................................................................................................................... 72
Numery alarmowe ...................................................................................................................................... 73
Palenie............................................................................................................................................................ 74
Paliwo............................................................................................................................................................. 74
Pamiątki ......................................................................................................................................................... 74
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Parki Narodowe ........................................................................................................................................... 75
Parkingi .......................................................................................................................................................... 75
Pieniądze ....................................................................................................................................................... 75
Placówki dyplomatyczne .......................................................................................................................... 75
Pociągi............................................................................................................................................................ 75
Poczta............................................................................................................................................................. 76
Przepisy drogowe........................................................................................................................................ 77
Ramadan ....................................................................................................................................................... 77
Rozrywka....................................................................................................................................................... 78
Samoloty ....................................................................................................................................................... 78
Sport............................................................................................................................................................... 78
Strefa czasowa ............................................................................................................................................. 79
Supermarkety............................................................................................................................................... 79
Szpitale .......................................................................................................................................................... 79
Święta............................................................................................................................................................. 79
Taksówki ........................................................................................................................................................ 80
Targowanie ................................................................................................................................................... 80
Telefonowanie.............................................................................................................................................. 81
Trzęsienia ziemi............................................................................................................................................ 81
Turystyka ....................................................................................................................................................... 82
Ubezpieczenie.............................................................................................................................................. 83
Wizy ................................................................................................................................................................ 83
Wycieczki zorganizowane ......................................................................................................................... 84
Wypożyczalnie rowerów, samochodów ................................................................................................ 84
Wyżywienie .................................................................................................................................................. 85
Zabytki ........................................................................................................................................................... 85
Zakupy ........................................................................................................................................................... 86
Zdrowie.......................................................................................................................................................... 86
Rozdział III. Informacje krajoznawcze
.................................................................................................. 87
Charakterystyka geograiczna
.................................................................................................................. 87
Góry.................................................................................................................................................................... 88
Hydrologia ........................................................................................................................................................ 88
Klimat................................................................................................................................................................. 90
Świat roślin ....................................................................................................................................................... 91
Świat zwierząt.................................................................................................................................................. 92
Ochrona dziedzictwa przyrodniczego i kulturowego............................................................................ 93
Historia
.............................................................................................................................................................. 94
Pradzieje............................................................................................................................................................ 94
Hetyci – założyciele pierwszego imperium w Anatolii .......................................................................... 95
Frygowie i Lidyjczycy – następcy Hetytów............................................................................................... 96
Rządy Persów ................................................................................................................................................... 97
Aleksander Wielki i jego następcy – czasy hellenistyczne w Anatolii ................................................ 98
Rzymianie nową potęgą w Azji Mniejszej................................................................................................. 98
Wczesny okres Bizancjum ............................................................................................................................. 99
Inwazja islamu ...............................................................................................................................................100
Ikonoklaści ......................................................................................................................................................100
Seldżucy przybywają do Anatolii..............................................................................................................102
Wyprawy krzyżowe ......................................................................................................................................102
Czas Osmanów ..............................................................................................................................................103
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Imperium się rozrasta ..................................................................................................................................105
Złoty wiek .......................................................................................................................................................106
Powolny schyłek ............................................................................................................................................107
Oddech ............................................................................................................................................................108
Chory człowiek Europy ................................................................................................................................109
Wiek reform ....................................................................................................................................................110
Upadek ............................................................................................................................................................112
Droga do niepodległości.............................................................................................................................114
Republika Turcji .............................................................................................................................................116
Bez Atatürka ...................................................................................................................................................117
Turcja współczesna.......................................................................................................................................118
Turcja i Polska – wspólne dzieje ................................................................................................................120
Gospodarka
...................................................................................................................................................123
Ludność
...........................................................................................................................................................124
Kurdowie .........................................................................................................................................................125
Ormianie..........................................................................................................................................................127
Inne mniejszości............................................................................................................................................128
Język
................................................................................................................................................................128
Religia
.............................................................................................................................................................129
Pięć ilarów islamu ........................................................................................................................................130
Kultura i sztuka
............................................................................................................................................132
Antyczni Grecy i ich spadkobiercy – Rzymianie ....................................................................................132
Bizancjum .......................................................................................................................................................134
Islam a sztuka.................................................................................................................................................137
Architektura turecka.....................................................................................................................................138
Literatura.........................................................................................................................................................143
Muzyka ............................................................................................................................................................145
Zwyczaje i obyczaje ......................................................................................................................................146
Kuchnia
...........................................................................................................................................................148
Garść przepisów ............................................................................................................................................149
Rozdział IV. Zwiedzanie Turcji
...............................................................................................................155
Region 1. Stambuł (İstanbul)
...................................................................................................................155
Historia ............................................................................................................................................................159
Zwiedzanie Stambułu
................................................................................................................................168
Dzielnice Sultanahmet,Beyazit, Sirkeci....................................................................................................168
Dzielnice Unkapanı i Fener .........................................................................................................................197
Inne miejsca warte odwiedzenia ..............................................................................................................207
Zabytki brzegu azjatyckiego – dzielnice Üsküdar i Kadıköy...............................................................211
Okolice Stambułu..........................................................................................................................................226
Region 2. Tracja
............................................................................................................................................
231
Çanakkale........................................................................................................................................................232
Edirne ...............................................................................................................................................................237
Region 3. Wybrzeże Morza Egejskiego
.................................................................................................253
Assos ................................................................................................................................................................254
Ayvalık .............................................................................................................................................................255
Bergama (Pergamon)...................................................................................................................................259
Bodrum (Halikarnas) ....................................................................................................................................269
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